Viljan till fysisk aktivitet : En intervention avsedd att stimulera ungdomar att bli fysiskt aktiva

Jenny Isberg (2009): Viljan till fysisk aktivitet – en intervention avsedd att stimulera ungdomar att bli fysiskt aktiva. Örebro Studies in Sport Sciences 6, 141 pp. Physical education (PE) at school may play an important role in the process of becoming physically active in the adolescence and in developing a physically active lifestyle. The opportunities for teachers to provide positive physical activity experiences to the student population extend regularly over the school terms. For some students, PE can be the only opportunity they have to be physically active. Therefore it is important that the students become motivated to practice physical activity and know the purpose with physical activity. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the possibilities to motivate youth, 12-16 years old, to practice physical activity and hopefully to stimulate them to continue to be physically active in young adulthood. The sample consisted of 122 Swedish compulsory school students (12-16 years old), 51 girls and 71 boys, who were either physically inactive, physically active but not formal members of sport clubs, or physically active and members of a sport club. They used a self-monitoring instrument to describe their physical activity and we compared their self-reported physical activity with their actual VO2 capacity and physical status. The self-monitoring instrument was further validated against an activity monitor, RT3. The intervention lasted one and a half years, and four to five years later a follow-up study was done. Using a quasi-experimental design, the three groups of participants were compared with youths who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. The main findings were that the associations between the accelerometer counts and the activities the students recorded in the self-monitoring instrument were high. The participants  in Group 1 (physically inactive) continued exercising nearly to the same extent as during the intervention while youths in a matched control group did not develop regular physical activity habits. Concerning Group 2 (exercisers), participants in the intervention group were more physically active both during the intervention and at follow-up, compared with a matched control group of exercisers who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. In Group 3 (sport team members), there was no difference between the intervention group and a matched control group after the intervention or at follow-up.  The conclusion of these main findings was that when someone motivates students to continue being physically active and to change their physical activity patterns in a positive direction, the self-monitoring instrument can be a door-opener for youths who are physically inactive or regularly active outside sports clubs.

HUr ungdomar med självskadebeteende upplever vårdpersonals bemötande

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur ungdomar med självskadebeteende upplever bemötandet från vårdpersonalen. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där sju kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar samt en kvantitativ vetenskaplig artikel användes. Datainsamlingen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, Psyc INFO och CINAHL Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie visade på att de flesta av ungdomarna med självskadebeteende inte sökte vård då de antingen var rädda för att förvärra sina problem eller för att de inte visste vart de skulle vända sig. De valde att i första hand söka hjälp hos sina vänner. Resultatet visade på tre kategorier. Dessa var: rädsla för vården, negativa upplevelser av bemötandet och positiva upplevelser av bemötandet. I resultatet framkom att av de som sökte hjälp inom sjukvården kände sig många missnöjda. Dessa ungdomar upplevde att det största problemet under vårdtiden var negativa attityder och dåligt bemötande från personalen. De ungdomar som tagit överdoser var övervägande positiva till det bemötande och den vård de fått till skillnad från de som inte tagit överdoser. Slutsats: Studien visade att ungdomar inte söker hjälp av sjukvården för sitt självskadebeteende då de är rädda för att deras problem ska förvärras eller att de inte ska bli förstådda eller tagna på allvar. De som ändå söker hjälp upplever att de får en annan hjälp än den de önskar.

Betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet för att lindra depressiva besvär hos ungdomar

Syfte: Att utifrån litteratur belysa betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet för att lindra depressiva besvär hos ungdomar. Design: Studien har utförts som en litteraturöversikt. Metod: Litteratur som publicerats mellan 2001-2012 söktes fram i databaserna PsycINFO och CINAHL. Sammanlagt 14 vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats och använts i litteraturöversikten. Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på depression hos ungdomar. Fysisk aktivitet visade på en dämpande effekt på depressiva symtom, och påvisade att viktiga effekter av fysisk aktivitet ger en lindring av depressiva symtom. Skillnader mellan yngre tonåringar och äldre tonåringar är att de yngre tenderar att ha högre deltagande i fysisk aktivitet gentemot de äldre, varav mängden fysisk aktivitet minskar från de tidiga tonåren till de äldre. Familjefaktorer har ett starkt samband med fysisk aktivitet. Ungdomar som har en god relation med sina föräldrar har också ett större deltagande i olika fysiska aktiviteter. Flickor löper större risk än pojkar att drabbas av depression. Förebyggande strategier avseende fysisk aktivitet kan vara framgångsrika, och det är viktigt att ha fokus på ungdomar med en historia av psykisk ohälsa och hälsoriskbeteenden för att minska risken för fortsatt utveckling av psykiska problem. Slutsats: Depression hos ungdomar skapar en sämre livskvalitet. Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig del av välmåendet och bör framhävas i relation till psykisk ohälsa hos unga. Att uppmärksamma flickors tendenser till ett sämre mående är en viktig del i omvårdnadsarbetet. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska ha vetskap om sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och depressiva symtom för att kunna arbeta preventivt och applicera kunskapen i det dagliga arbetslivet och i möten med ungdomar.

«DES YEUX BAISSÉS AUX POINGS LEVÉS» : L'IMAGE DE LA FEMME MAGHRÉBINE DANS L'ŒUVRE DE TAHAR BEN JELLOUN. UNE ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DE TROIS PROTAGONISTES FÉMININS.

L'étude du portrait de la femme maghrébine dans trois romans de Ben Jelloun révèle trois vies d'enfant, d'adolescente et de femme très différentes quant à la condition féminine. Il y a une émancipation progressive entre les portraits qui peut s'expliquer par le fait que les romans se déroulent dans des cultures et à des époques différentes, mais aussi par les intentions féministes de l'auteur.

A multicentre randomized controlled trial of an empowerment-inspired intervention for adolescents starting continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion : a study protocol

Background. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment among children with type 1 diabetes is increasing in Sweden. However, studies evaluating glycaemic control in children using CSII show inconsistent results. Omitting bolus insulin doses using CSII may cause reduced glycaemic control among adolescents. The distribution of responsibility for diabetes self-management between children and parents is often unclear and needs clarification. There is much published support for continued parental involvement and shared diabetes management during adolescence. Guided Self-Determination (GSD) is an empowerment-based, person-centred, reflection and problem solving method intended to guide the patient to become self-sufficient and develop life skills for managing difficulties in diabetes self-management. This method has been adapted for adolescents and parents as Guided Self-Determination-Young (GSD-Y). This study aims to evaluate the effect of an intervention with GSD-Y in groups of adolescents starting on insulin pumps and their parents on diabetes-related family conflicts, perceived health and quality of life (QoL), and metabolic control. Here, we describe the protocol and plans for study enrolment. Methods. This study is designed as a randomized, controlled, prospective, multicentre study. Eighty patients between 12-18 years of age who are planning to start CSII will be included. All adolescents and their parents will receive standard insulin pump training. The education intervention will be conducted when CSII is to be started and at four appointments in the first 4 months after starting CSII. The primary outcome is haemoglobin A1c levels. Secondary outcomes are perceived health and QoL, frequency of blood glucose self-monitoring and bolus doses, and usage of carbohydrate counting. The following instruments will be used to evaluate perceived health and QoL: Disabkids, 'Check your health', the Diabetes Family Conflict Scale and the Swedish Diabetes Empowerment Scale. Outcomes will be evaluated within and between groups by comparing data at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months after starting treatment. Results and discussion. In this study, we will assess the effect of starting an insulin pump together with the model of Guided Self-Determination to determine whether this approach leads to retention of improved glycaemic control, QoL, responsibility distribution and reduced diabetes-related conflicts in the family. Trial registration: Current controlled trials: ISRCTN22444034

Exploring self-rated health among adolescents : a think-aloud study

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive use of self-rated health questions in youth studies, little is known about what such questions capture among adolescents. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore how adolescents interpret and reason when answering a question about self-rated health. METHODS: A qualitative study using think-aloud interviews explored the question, "How do you feel most of the time?", using five response options ("Very good", "Rather good", "Neither good, nor bad", "Rather bad", and "Very bad"). The study involved 58 adolescents (29 boys and 29 girls) in lower secondary school (7th grade) and upper secondary school (12th grade) in Sweden. RESULTS: Respondents' interpretations of the question about how they felt included social, mental, and physical aspects. Gender differences were found primarily in that girls emphasized stressors, while age differences were reflected mainly in the older respondents' inclusion of a wider variety of influences on their assessments. The five response options all demonstrated differences in self-rated health, and the respondents' understanding of the middle option, "Neither good, nor bad", varied widely. In the answering of potential sensitive survey questions, rationales for providing honest or biased answers were described. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a self-rated health question including the word 'feel' captured a holistic view of health among adolescents. Differences amongst response options should be acknowledged when analyzing self-rated health questions. If anonymity is not feasible when answering questions on self-rated health, a high level of privacy is recommended to increase the likelihood of reliability.

Tough, sensitive and sincere : how adolescent boys manage masculinities and emotions

This study aimed to explore adolescent boys’ views of masculinity and emotion management and their potential effects on well-being. Interviews with 33 adolescent boys aged 16–17 years in Sweden were analysed using grounded theory. We found two main categories of masculine conceptions in adolescent boys: gender-normative masculinity with emphasis on group-based values, and non-gender-normative masculinity based on personal values. Gender-normative masculinity comprised two seemingly opposite emotional masculinity orientations, one towards toughness and the other towards sensitivity, both of which were highly influenced by contextual and situational group norms and demands, despite their expressions contrasting each other. Non-gender-normative masculinity included an orientation towards sincerity emphasising the personal values of the boys; emotions were expressed more independently of peer group norms. Our findings suggest that different masculinities and the expression of emotions are strongly intertwined and that managing emotions is vital for well-being.